Galen’s Simple Drugs 7 preface

As I am writing this seventh book of comments on the capacity of simple drugs, I think it is necessary to preface it by saying that it will be clear only to those who were not casual in their study of the previous books. I think others are likely to misunderstand rather than learn something from what will be said in it, and that they will not only confuse themselves but might also accuse me of describing things inaccurately. Therefore, those who are wise, I know that they will be persuaded and if they are really concerned about the preceding theory, they will revisit the whole treatise from the beginning. However, those who are more curious than scholarly will disregard this preface. Perhaps this is not surprising, since even some of the uninitiated dare to read books of mysteries. But neither were those works written for the profane, nor these treatises of mine for those without an elementary training in the subject.

In this book and the one after it, the primary capacities of the remaining plants will be discussed, and the order of instruction will follow the order of the letters of the alphabet from which I began. In the book before this, therefore, I got up to the letter ‘iota.’ In this book, I will begin with the letter ‘kappa,’ after I have reminded the reader as much as I have that I will refer everything back to the principles previously demonstrated. For the differences in the individual actions of each drug arise from the degree to which the drug is hot, cold, wet, dry, and composed of fine or coarse parts. It is, however, impossible to express in words how far the aforementioned qualities extend in each case, at least with respect to the most precise level of truth. So instead, I have attempted to demarcate them with clear boundaries adequate for the needs of the art, showing that there is one kind of drug which attains a mixture similar to our bodies when it undergoes a certain change and transformation due to the heat within them, and another that becomes warmer relative to us. For this, I thought it appropriate to produce four orders: the first is unclear to perception and needs reason to discover it; after it, the second is somewhat clear to the senses; and a third strongly warms, but not yet to the point of burning; after which the fourth and last is caustic. In the same way in the case of cooling agents, the first order includes those that require reason to demonstrate their ability to cool, second are those that perceptibly cool, third those that cool strongly, and fourth are those that can cause death. There are also corresponding orders of those that moisten and those that dry.

Ἕβδομον τοῦτο περὶ τῆς τῶν ἁπλῶν φαρμάκων δυνάμεως ὑπόμνημα γράφοντες ἀναγκαῖον ἡγούμεθα προειπεῖν ὡς μόνοις ἔσοιτο σαφὲς, ὅσοι τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν ὡμίλησαν οὐκ ἐν παρέργῳ, τοὺς δ' ἄλλους ἡγοῦμαι παρακούσεσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ μαθήσεσθαὶ τι τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ λεχθησομένων καὶ αὐτούς τε σφαλήσεσθαι καὶ ἡμᾶς ἴσως ἐπηρεάσειν, ὡς οὐκ ὀρθῶς τινα γράφοντας. ὅσοι μὲν οὖν σώφρονές εἰσιν οἶδ' ὅτι πεισθήσονται, καὶ εἴπερ ὅλως πεφροντίκασι τῆς προκειμένης θεωρίας, ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἀναλέξονται τὴν ὅλην πραγματείαν· ὅσοι δὲ περίεργοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλομαθεῖς ὑπάρχουσιν, ἀπειθήσουσι τῇ προσρήσει, καὶ οὐδὲν ἴσως θαυμαστὸν, εἴ γε καὶ μυστηρίων βίβλους ἐτόλμησαν ἔνιοι τῶν ἀμυήτων ἀναγινώσκειν. ἀλλ' οὔτ' ἐκείνας ἔγραψαν οἱ γράψαντες τοῖς βεβήλοις οὔτ' ἐγὼ ταῦτα τοῖς μήπω περὶ τὰ πρῶτα γεγυμνασμένοις.

εἰρήσονται δ' ἐν τούτῳ τῷ βιβλίῳ καὶ τῷ μετ' αὐτὸ τῶν ὑπολοίπων φυτῶν αἱ πρῶται δυνάμεις, τὴν τάξιν τῆς διδασκαλίας κᾀνταῦθα κατὰ τὴν τάξιν τῶν γραμμάτων ποιησαμένων ἡμῶν, ἀφ' ὧν ἄρχονται. ἐν μὲν οὖν τῷ πρὸ τοῦδε μέχρι τοῦ ι προήλθομεν· ἐνταυθοῖ δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ κ ποιησόμεθα τοσοῦτον ἔτι προαναμνήσαντες, ὡς εἰς τὰς προαποδεδειγμένας ἀρχὰς ἀνάξομεν ἅπαντα· τῷ γάρ ἐπὶ τοσόνδε θερμὸν ἢ ψυχρὸν, ἢ ὑγρὸν ἢ ξηρὸν, ἢ λεπτομερὲς ἢ παχυμερὲς ὑπάρχειν ἕκαστον τῶν φαρμάκων αἱ διαφοραὶ τῶν κατὰ μέρος ἐνεργειῶν αὐτῶν γίγνονται, τὸ δ' ἐπὶ τοσόνδε προήκειν ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν προειρημένων ἄρρητόν ἐστι πρός γε τὴν ἀκριβεστάτην ἀλήθειαν. ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς καὶ τοῦτο περιλαβεῖν ἐπειράθημεν ὅροις σαφέσιν, ἱκανοῖς εἰς τὴν χρείαν τῆς τέχνης, ἓν μὲν εἶναι γένος φαρμάκων ἐπιδείξαντες εἰς ὁμοίαν τοῖς σώμασιν ἡμῶν ἀφικνούμενον κρᾶσιν, ἐπειδὰν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐν αὐτοῖς θερμότητος ἀρχήν τινα δέξηται μεταβολῆς τε καὶ ἀλλοιώσεως, ἕτερον δὲ θερμότερον ᾖ καθ' ἡμᾶς γιγνόμενον, οὗ τέτταρας ἔδοξε ποιήσασθαι τάξεις· πρώτην μὲν τὴν ἀσαφῆ πρὸς αἴσθησιν, ὡς λόγου δεῖσθαι τοῦ φωράσαντος, ἑτέραν δ' ἐπ' αὐτῇ δευτέραν, ἤδη πως σαφῆ πρὸς αἴσθησιν, ἄλλην δὲ τρίτην θερμαίνουσαν μὲν ἰσχυρῶς, οὐ μὴν ἤδη γὲ πως καίουσαν, ἐφ' ᾗ τετάρτην τε καὶ ὑστάτην τὴν καυστικήν. οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῶν ψυχόντων πρώτην μὲν τὴν τάξιν τῶν λόγου δεομένων εἰς ἀπόδειξιν τοῦ ψύχειν, δευτέραν δὲ τῶν αἰσθητῶς ψυχόντων, καὶ τρίτην τῶν ἰσχυρῶς, καὶ τετάρτην τῶν νεκρούντων. ἀνάλογον δὲ ταύταις καὶ περὶ τῶν ὑγραινόντων καὶ ξηραινόντων.

Galen, On the Capacities of Simple Drugs, VII. proem, 12.1–4 K.