Galen on whether healthy living belongs to medicine or physical training

“That’s why it amazes me when I hear athletes’ trainers these days arguing that healthy living is a part of their own art. In fact, it’s not a part of true physical training at all; rather, it’s the other way around: physical training is a part of healthy living. So why should we dispute about their false art, which is not at all a part of the art concerning the body and which sells a practice that’s held in contempt not only by Plato and Hippocrates, but also by all the other doctors and philosophers?”

ᾗ καὶ θαυμάζειν ἐπέρχεταί μοι τῶν νῦν τοὺς ἀθλητὰς γυμναζόντων, ὅταν ἀμφισβητούντων ἀκούσω μέρος εἶναι τῆς ἑαυτῶν τέχνης τὸ ὑγιεινόν. ὅπου γὰρ οὐδὲ τῆς ὄντως γυμναστικῆς μέρος ἐστὶν ἀλλ' ἔμπαλιν ἐκείνη μέρος ὑγιεινοῦ, τί χρὴ περὶ τῆς τούτων κακοτεχνίας ἀμφιβάλλειν, ἣ μήτε μέρος ἐστὶν ὅλως τῆς περὶ τὸ σῶμα τέχνης ἐπιτηδεύματός τε προέστηκεν οὐχ ὑπὸ Πλάτωνος μόνον ἢ Ἱπποκράτους, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ἰατρῶν τε καὶ φιλοσόφων ἀτιμαζομένου;

Galen, Thrasybulus: whether healthy living belongs to medicine or to gymnastics 47 (5.898 K. = 99,26-100,9 Helmreich)

Galen isn’t writing for…

Egyptians and people who eat snakes.

“If we didn’t mention them in our discussion of terrestrial animals, we wouldn’t end up saying anything about the nutriment derived from snails at all. But surely it would not be reasonable to leave them out, like we did woodworms or vipers and the other snakes they eat in Egypt and in some other provinces. For none of them will read these things, and we’re never going to eat any of their foods.”

εἰ δὲ μηδ' ἐν τοῖς πεζοῖς αὐτοῦ μνημονεύσαιμεν, οὐδ' ὅλως ἐροῦμέν τι περὶ τῆς ἐκ κοχλίου τροφῆς. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ παραλιπεῖν εὔλογον, ὥσπερ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν ξύλων σκώληκας ἐχίδνας τε καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ὄφεις ὅσα τε κατ' Αἴγυπτον καὶ ἄλλα τινὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐσθίουσιν· οὔτε | γὰρ ἐκείνων τις ἀναγνώσεται ταῦτα, καὶ ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἄν ποτε φάγοιμέν τι τῶν ἐκείνοις ἐδωδίμων.

Galen, On the properties of foods 3.2, 6.668 K = 337,13–18 Helmreich

Germans and other barbarians.

“Among the Germans, children are not raised well, but we’re not really writing this for Germans or any other wildlings or barbarians, any more than we are for bears or lions or boars or whatever other savage beasts; rather, we are writing this for Greeks and all those who were born barbarian by race but strive to emulate the Greek way of life.”

παρὰ μέν γε τοῖς Γερμανοῖς οὐ καλῶς τρέφεται τὰ παιδία. ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς γε νῦν οὔτε Γερμανοῖς οὔτε ἄλλοις τισὶν ἀγρίοις ἢ βαρβάροις ἀνθρώποις ταῦτα γράφομεν, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ ἄρκτοις ἢ λέουσιν ἢ κάπροις ἤ τισι τῶν ἄλλων θηρίων, ἀλλ' Ἕλλησι καὶ ὅσοι τῷ γένει μὲν ἔφυσαν βάρβαροι, ζηλοῦσι δὲ τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐπιτηδεύματα.

Galen, On Matters of Health 1.10.17, 6.52 K = 24,21–25 Koch

Randoms.

“I recommend to the educated—since it’s not going to be randoms who read this—to pay attention to those things by which they are benefitted and harmed, for in this way they will have little need of doctors as long as they stay healthy.”

ὧν τοῖς πεπαιδευμένοις (οὐ γὰρ δὴ οἱ τυχόντες γε ταῦτα ἀναγνώσονται) συμβουλεύω παραφυλάττειν, ὑπὸ τίνων ὠφελοῦνταί τε καὶ βλάπτονται· συμβήσεται γὰρ οὕτως αὐτοῖς εἰς ὀλίγα δεῖσθαι τῶν ἰατρῶν, μέχρις ἂν ὑγιαίνωσιν.

Galen, On Matters of Health 6.14.28, 6.450 K. = 197,14–17 Koch

Galen's advice on how to never get sick ("read my books and pay attention")

"After I turned 28, I had convinced myself that there exists an art of hygiene and I followed its precepts the whole rest of my life. The result was that I never got sick except for the occasional ephemeral fever; but, surely it is possible for someone to preserve themselves completely if they have secured a life of freedom.* This already became clear in the previous sections, and it will become even clearer in the sections that follow should you choose to pay attention. For I say no buboes** can be produced in anyone who has rigorously prepared for health, simply if their body is free from of each kind of excess residue, both in quantity and quality."

ἀλλὰ μετά γε τὸ εἰκοστὸν ὄγδοον ἔτος ἀπὸ γενετῆς ἐμαυτὸν πείσας, ὡς ἔστι τις ὑγιεινὴ τέχνη, τοῖς προστάγμασιν αὐτῆς ἠκολούθησα παρ' ὅλον τὸν ἑξῆς βίον, ὡς μηκέτι νοσῆσαι νόσημα μηδέν, ὅτι μὴ σπάνιόν που πυρετὸν ἐφήμερον. ἔστι δὲ δήπου καὶ τοῦτον αὐτὸν φυλάξασθαι τελέως, ἐλεύθερον ἑλόμενον βίον, ὡς ἔν τε τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν ἤδη γέγονε δῆλον ἔτι τε μᾶλλον ἔσται σαφὲς ἐν τοῖς ἐφεξῆς εἰρησομένοις, εἰ θέλοι τις προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν. ἐγὼ γάρ φημι μηδὲ βουβῶνα δύνασθαι γενέσθαι τοῖς ἀκριβῶς παρεσκευασμένοις εἰς ὑγείαν, εἴ γ' ἀπέριττον αὐτοῖς ἐστι τὸ σῶμα τοῦ γένους τῶν περιττωμάτων ἑκατέρου, τοῦ τε κατὰ τὸ ποσὸν καὶ τοῦ κατὰ τὸ ποιόν.

Galen, De sanitate tuenda, 5.1, 6.309-10 Kühn

*Galen is referring to something he said a bit earlier: that he gets an occasional fever because sometimes he works too much. In other words, he is not free, since he is dedicated to his practice. If you are free, all the more reason you should remain healthy if you follow his advice.

**not quite sure why Galen is singling out buboes here.